This new aunt fixed consequences determine 65% of your own adaptation within the studies contained in this sample
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Within try you’ll find 676 sisters, from exactly who 302 was in fact ple (because they come from a family group in which one or more girl try married very early) have dads with rather lower informative attainment, will become Muslim, and tend to be expected to reside in rural components
When we mention this new the quantity to which province and you will community repaired consequences get differences in social and you may financial disadvantage of the examining its capacity to establish adaptation for the academic https://brightwomen.net/no/amolatina-anmeldelse/ attainment, we discover that village repaired effects determine more than 29% regarding the version, considerably more than the step 3% said because of the province fixed outcomes. All the variation is actually not within this communities.
I very first establish estimations one manage to own province*time-revolution FE and then village*time-revolution FE. We next wade a step subsequent by presenting abilities in which we guess aunt repaired outcomes patterns where in actuality the coefficients try projected out-of evaluations off sisters, certainly one of which had hitched very early plus the most other who performed not. This comparison controls for all household members characteristics, both observable and unobservable, educated because of the sisters e.g., relatives background. Which but not significantly reduces the latest take to. Such email address details are hence best read as actually relevant so you can home out-of a lot more conventional minimizing socio-monetary houses. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.